a critical study of kantian secular ethics

each historical period contain a special conception about god, man and the world by which it is distinguished from the others. at the beginning of modernity, western man has accepted a new conception toward these problems. relation between ethics and religion within modernity, depend on such conception. while in the prior periods, especially in the middle age, ethics had been known to be depended on religion. philosophers of modernity tried to extend their humanistic and secular views to ethics and religion. immanuel kant as the highest teacher of modernity played a key role in the project. at first viewed the two essential concepts of religion, god and free will, not to be epistemological. then he formed his philosophy of ethics on the basis of autonomous and in this manner the two main concepts was degraded. thus religion and religious thesis reduced to a mere inner concept of no influence in the world. yet as is described in the paper on islamic teachings, fundamental defects have been found in the system of kantian ethics. it has shown that there can be no room for ethics to independent from religion.